《Sustainable Biofuels：An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy》

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《Sustainable Biofuels：An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy》
可持续生物燃料：未来能源的生态评估
编者：
Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj
Terenzio Zenone
Jiquan Chen
出版社：de Gruyter
出版时间：2015年

《Sustainable Biofuels：An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy》

《Sustainable Biofuels：An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy》

《Sustainable Biofuels：An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy》

《Sustainable Biofuels：An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy》

Part  Introduction 1
1 The Sustainable Biofuels Paradigm 3
1.1 Biofuels: Opportunities and Challenges 3
1.1.1 From Fossil Fuels to 1st Generation Biofuels 4
1.1.2 A Case for 2nd and 3rd Generation Biofuels 6
1.2 The Sustainability Paradigm and Biofuels 10
References 15
Part  Biofuel Crop Models 19
2 Switchgrass for Bioenergy: Agro-ecological Sustainability 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.1.1 Switchgrass—A Short History of and the Case for
Its Use as a Biofuel Feedstock 21
2.2 Energetic and Economic Considerations in Sustainability 23
2.2.1 Energy In: Energy Out (Is Making Biofuel from
Switchgrass Energetically Feasible?) 23
2.2.2 Economic Tipping Points (Is Making Biofuel from
Switchgrass Economically Feasible?) 26
2.2.3 Using Value-added Products to Shift the Tipping Point 27
2.2.4 Farmer and Factory Relationships: Getting the Ball Rolling 27
2.2.5 Ethical/Social/Fairness Dimensions of the Sustainability 28
2.3 Ecological/Environmental/Resource Considerations of
the Sustainability 29
2.3.1 Sustaining the Soil Resource 29
2.3.2 Sustaining the Air Resource: GHGs and Climate 30
2.3.3 Sustaining theWater Resource: Depletion and Pollution Concerns 33
2.3.4 Sustaining Biological Resources: Biodiversity 34
2.4 Managing Switchgrass for Bioenergy and Sustainability 38
2.4.1 Description, Adaptations, and Selection 38
2.4.2 Establishment 40
2.4.3 Fertility in an Agroecological and Sustainability Context 41
2.4.4 Mechanization, Storage, and Hauling 43
xvi Contents
2.4.5 Demands of a Bioenergy Industry 46
2.5 Conclusions 46
References 47
3 Sugarcane as an Alternative Source of
Sustainable Energy 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Energy Expenses in Sugarcane Production 61
3.3 Nutrient and Fertilizer Expenditures of Sugarcane 64
3.4 Sugarcane Bagasse: A Sustainable Energy Resource 64
3.4.1 Electricity Generation from Bagasse 65
3.4.2 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 69
3.4.3 Bagasse-based Byproducts and Future Energy Assessment 69
3.5 Sugarcane Trash: A Potential Biomass for Sustainable Energy 71
3.6 Sugarcane Biomass for Biofuel Production 72
3.6.1 Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Biomass 72
3.6.2 Conversion of Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol 73
3.6.3 Pretreatment of Sugarcane Biomass 75
3.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis/Saccharification of the Cellulosic Fraction 78
3.6.5 Detoxification of Cellulosic and Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates 79
3.6.6 Fermentation of Sugars from Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol 79
3.6.7 Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Biomass 80
3.7 Conclusions 81
References 82
4 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a NewBiofuel Feedstock for
Semi-arid and Arid Regions and Its Agro-ecological
Sustainability Issues 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Systematics and Global Distribution 88
4.3 Vegetative Growth and Sexual Reproduction 89
4.4 Optimal and Sub-optimal Climate and Growth Conditions 91
4.5 Propagation 92
4.6 Uses and Abuses of JCL 92
4.6.1 Traditional Non-fuel Uses 92
4.6.2 Feedstock for Biofuels 93
4.6.3 Utilization of JCL byproducts 96
4.7 JCL as A Sustainable Alternative to Fossil Fuels 96
4.7.1 Environmental Impacts 97
4.7.2 Socioeconomic Impacts 99
4.8 Significance of Irrigation and Fertilization for JCL Cultivation 100
4.8.1 Effects of Irrigation on Pot-grown JCL Plants 102
4.8.2 Effects of Irrigation on Field-grown JCL Plants 102
4.8.3 Effects of Fertilization on JCL Plants 105
Contents xvii
4.9 Conclusions 107
References 109
5 Environmental Aspects of Willow Cultivation for
Bioenergy 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Willow Plantations 120
5.3 Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes 121
5.3.1 Estimates of Growth and Carbon Sequestration 122
5.3.2 Eddy Flux Measurements 123
5.3.3 Closing the Carbon Budget 128
5.3.4 The Fertilization Effect 129
5.3.5 What Are the Limits? 129
5.3.6 Substitution Efficiency and Climate Effect 130
5.4 Conclusions 132
References 133
Part  Biofuels and Biogeochemical Impacts 135
6 Short Rotation Forestry for Energy Production in Italy:
Environmental Aspects and New Perspectives of
Use in Biofuel Industry 137
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Ecological Services Provided by SRF 140
6.2.1 Buffer Strips and Ecological Corridors 140
6.2.2 Fertirrigation: Disposal of Livestock, Urban and
Industrial Wastewaters 143
6.2.3 Soil Erosion Control 144
6.2.4 CO2 Uptake and Carbon Sequestration 145
6.3 Biofuel Production and SRF 147
6.4 Conclusions 149
References 150
7 Populus and Salix Grown in a Short-rotation Coppice for
Bioenergy: Ecophysiology, Aboveground Productivity, and
Stand-level Water Use Efficiency 155
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Water Use of SRC 156
7.3 Water Use Efficiency of SRC 157
7.4 WUE and Related Ecophysiological Variables Literature Surveys 159
7.5 Case Study: Populus in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands 171
7.5.1 Introduction 171
7.5.2 Site and Stand Description 172
7.5.3 Methods 173
xviii Contents
7.5.4 Results and Discussion 176
7.6 Conclusions 180
References 181
Part  Biofuels and Natural Resource Management 195
8 Afforestation of Salt-affected Marginal Lands with
Indigenous Tree Species for Sustainable Biomass and
Bioenergy Production 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Origin and Distribution of Salt-affected Soils in India 199
8.3 Properties of Salt-affected Soils 201
8.4 Natural Vegetation on Salt-affected Soils 203
8.5 Management Practices for Afforestation on Salt-affected Soils 204
8.5.1 Selection of Tree Species 204
8.5.2 Pre-planting Management Strategies 207
8.5.3 Planting Techniques 208
8.5.4 Post-planting Management Strategies 211
8.6 Biomass Production 212
8.6.1 Saline Soils 212
8.6.2 Sodic Soils 213
8.7 Bioenergy Production 215
8.8 Soil Amelioration 217
8.9 Conclusions 222
References 222
9 Bioenergy and Prospects for Phytoremediation 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Bioenergy Systems for Soil Phytoremediation 228
9.2.1 Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals 228
9.2.2 SRCs and Rhizodegradation of Organic Pollution 232
9.3 Bioenergy Systems for Water Phytoremediation 232
9.3.1 Phytoremediation Systems with Municipal Wastewater 232
9.3.2 Phytoremediation Systems with Landfill Leachate 234
References 236
Part  Life Cycle Assessment Principles 241
10 Eight Principles of Uncertainty for Life Cycle Assessment of
Biofuel Systems 243
10.1 Introduction: Regulatory LCA 243
10.2 Eight Principles of Uncertainty for LCA of Biofuel Systems 244
10.3 Principle 1: Biofuel Production Is a Complex System of Systems 245
10.4 Principle 2: Standardized LCA Methods for Biofuels Do Not Exist 248
10.5 Principle 3: Empirical Data Are Scarce for Most Aspects of Biofuels 249
Contents xix
10.6 Principle 4: Local Biofuel LCAs Reduce Uncertainty and Errors 250
10.7 Principle 5: Sensitive Parameters Cause Order of
Magnitude Changes 252
10.7.1 Biorefinery Natural Gas Efficiency 252
10.7.2 Agricultural N2O Emissions 253
10.7.3 Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics and CO2 Emissions 254
10.7.4 Setting an Uncertainty Standard for Biofuel LCA 255
10.8 Principle 6: Indirect Emissions Are Numerous and
Highly Uncertain 256
10.8.1 Indirect Land Use Change 256
10.8.2 Multiple Indirect Effects and Global Economic Forecasting 257
10.9 Principle 7: Transparency Is Essential for Regulatory LCA 260
10.10 Principle 8: Fossil Fuel Reference Systems Are Diverse and
Uncertain 262
10.11 Conclusions 263
References 263
11 Energy and GHG Emission Assessments of Biodiesel
Production in Mato Grosso, Brazil 269
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Study Area 272
11.3 Methods 274
11.3.1 Crop Selection 276
11.3.2 Identification of the Area Suitable for Cultivation 278
11.3.3 Settings and Constraints Specific for the Case Study 280
11.3.4 Problem Formulation 281
11.3.5 Other Impacts 287
11.4 Results 288
11.5 Discussion 291
11.6 Conclusions 293
References 294
Part  Global Potential Assessments 297
12 Biomass Potential of Switchgrass and Miscanthus on the
USA’s Marginal Lands 299
12.1 Introduction 299
12.2 Methods 302
12.2.1 Identification of the USA’s Marginal Lands 302
12.2.2 Processing Land Cover Data 303
12.2.3 NCCPI 303
12.2.4 Determination of Marginal Lands 303
12.2.5 Development of Empirical Models 303
12.2.6 Sample Data 304
12.2.7 Regional Model Simulations 304
xx Contents
12.2.8 Data Selection 305
12.2.9 Model Development and Validation 306
12.3 Results and Discussion 306
12.3.1 USA Marginal Lands 306
12.3.2 Model Developments and Validations 307
12.3.3 Biomass Estimates of Switchgrass and Miscanthus 310
12.3.4 Comparison of Switchgrass and Miscanthus 312
12.3.5 Limitations and Future Study 313
12.4 Conclusions 313
References 314
13 Global Agro-ecological Challenges in Commercial Biodiesel
Production from Jatropha curcas: Seed Productivity to
Disease Incidence 319
13.1 Introduction 319
13.2 Standardization of Agro-technology 321
13.2.1 Propagation Techniques 321
13.2.2 Planting Material 323
13.2.3 Nursery Management 324
13.2.4 Field Planting 324
13.3 Global Seed Productivity 326
13.4 Techno-commercial Economics 329
13.5 Scope for Improvements 331
13.6 Disease Incidence 333
13.7 Soil Amelioration 335
13.8 Conclusions 335
References 336

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