《Cooperative Synchronization in Distributed Microgrid Control》

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《Cooperative Synchronization in Distributed Microgrid Control》
分布式微网控制中的协同同步
作者：
Ali Bidram
Vahidreza Nasirian
Ali Davoudi
Frank L. Lewis
出版社：Springer
出版时间：2017年

《Cooperative Synchronization in Distributed Microgrid Control》

《Cooperative Synchronization in Distributed Microgrid Control》

《Cooperative Synchronization in Distributed Microgrid Control》

《Cooperative Synchronization in Distributed Microgrid Control》

目录
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Control and Modeling of Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Control of AC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Control Objectives in AC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Primary Control Techniques in AC Microgrids. . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Secondary Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.4 Tertiary Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Dynamic Modeling of AC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.1 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.2 Current-Controlled Voltage Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3 Control of DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.1 Control Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2 Standard Control Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 Introduction to Multi-agent Cooperative Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Synchronization in Nature, Social Systems,
and Coupled Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.1 Synchronization in Animal Motion
in Collective Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.2 Leadership in Animal Groups on the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1.3 Synchronization in Coupled Oscillators
and Electric Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 Communication Graphs for Interconnected Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.1 Graph Matrices–Algebraic Graph Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 Cooperative Control of Multi-agent Systems
on Communication Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.1 Consensus and the Cooperative Regulator Problem . . . . . . 54
3.3.2 Synchronization and the Cooperative Tracker Problem. . . . 57
3.3.3 More General Agent Dynamics and Vector States . . . . . . . 60
3.4 Time-Varying Edge Weights and Switched Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 Distributed Control of AC Microgrids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Distributed Secondary Frequency Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2 Distributed Secondary Frequency and Power Control. . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.1 Distributed Cooperative Control Protocol for Frequency
and Active Power Sharing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.2 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3 Distributed Secondary Voltage Control of AC Microgrids . . . . . . . 82
4.3.1 Secondary Voltage Control Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3.2 Distributed Secondary Voltage Control Using Feedback
Linearization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3.3 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.4 Distributed Secondary Voltage and Reactive Power Control
of AC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5 Multi-objective and Adaptive Distributed Control
of AC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1 Multi-objective and Two-Layer Control Framework
for AC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.1 Control Layer 1: Frequency Control
and Voltage Control of VCVSIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1.2 Control Layer 2: Active and Reactive Power Controls
of CCVSIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.1.3 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2 Adaptive and Distributed Voltage Control for AC Microgrids . . . . 124
5.2.1 The Adaptive and Distributed Controller Design. . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.2 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6 Droop-Free Distributed Control of AC Microgrids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.1 Droop-Free Cooperative Control Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.1.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-Physical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.1.2 Cooperative Control Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.1.3 Voltage Estimation Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.2 System-Level Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.2.1 Distribution Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.2.2 Dynamic Model of the Control and Cyber Subsystems. . . . 153
xiv Contents
6.2.3 Dynamic Model of the Entire Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.2.4 Controller Design Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.2.5 Steady-State Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.3 Experimental Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3.1 Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.3.2 Communication Delay and Channel Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . 163
6.3.3 Plug-and-Play Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.3.4 Failure Resiliency in Cyber Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7 Cooperative Control for DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.1 Distributed Cooperative Controller for DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.1.1 Graphical Representation of DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.1.2 Cooperative Secondary Control Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.1.3 Voltage Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.2 Analytical Model Development for DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.2.1 Global Dynamic Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.2.2 Guidelines for Controller Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.2.3 Steady-State Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.3 Distributed Adaptive Droop Control for DC Microgrids:
An Alternative Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.4 Experimental Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.4.1 Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.4.2 Droop Controller Versus Cooperative Controller. . . . . . . . . 195
7.4.3 Load Change Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.4.4 Plug-and-Play Capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.4.5 Cyber-Link Failure Resiliency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8 Distributed Assistive Control of DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.1 Introductory of Power Buffer and Distributed Control . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.1.1 Operational Principle of Power Buffer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.1.2 Distributed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.2 System-Level Modeling of DC Microgrid with Power Buffers . . . . 214
8.3 Multi-player Game for Optimal Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.3.1 Microgrid Loads as Players in a Differential Game. . . . . . . 219
8.3.2 Policy Iteration to Solve the Coupled AREs . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
8.4 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.4.1 Impedance Adjustment by Tuning Buffer Voltage . . . . . . . 225
8.4.2 Steady-State and Small-Signal Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.4.3 Conventional Approach: Deactivated Power Buffers . . . . . . 227
8.4.4 Assistive Controller: Single Assisting Neighbor . . . . . . . . . 229
8.4.5 Assistive Controller: Multiple Assisting Neighbors . . . . . . . 231
8.4.6 Communication Delay and Channel Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . 231
8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239


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