《Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere》美版第二版

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《Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere》美版第二版
自由大气中的湍流
作者：
N. K. Vinnichenko
N. Z. Pinus,
S. M. Shmeter
G. N. Shur
Central Aerological Observatory
Dolgoprudnyi, USSR
Translated from Russian by
Frank L. Sinclair
出版社：Springer
出版时间：1980年

《Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere》美版第二版

《Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere》美版第二版

《Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere》美版第二版

《Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere》美版第二版

目录
1. Some Aspects of the Theory of Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Nature of Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Turbulent Energy Balance. Coefficient of Turbulent Viscosity . . . 3
3. Richardson Stability Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Structure and Energetics of Turbulent Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Statistical Description of Turbulence Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Energy Spectrum of Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Interaction of Mean and Turbulent Fields of Temperature and
Wind Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
2. Methods of Experimental Investigation of Turbulence in the Free
Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. The Airplane as a Means of Investigating Atmospheric
Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
2. Method Using Reaction of Airplane to an Atmospheric Gust
(Load Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
3. Method Using Measurements of Absolute and Relative Airplane
Velocities (Doppler Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4. Method Using Measurements of Velocity Fluctuations ofIncident
Air Flow (Hot-Wire Anemometer Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
5. Method Using Pressure Measurements at Various Points on a Body
in the Flow .................................... 51
6. Method Using Measurements of Angle of Attack (Wind-Vane
Method) ...................................... 53
7. Method Using Measurements of Speed of Sound (Acoustic
Method) ...................................... 54
8. Gyroscopic Instruments for Determination of Airplane
Attitude ...................................... 56
9. Measurement of Temperature Fluctuations on an Airplane ..... 58
10. Table Summarizing Aircraft Methods of Investigating
Turbulence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
xi
xii CONTENTS
11. Airplanes-Flying Laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
12. Radar and Optical Methods of Investigating Atmospheric
Turbulence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
3. Statistical Analysis of Measurements ...................... 65
1. Calculation of Spectra from Continuous Records of Finite
Length ....................................... 65
2. Calculations of Spectra from Discrete Records of Finite Length. . 75
3. The Fast Fourier Transform ......................... 87
4. Preliminary Analysis of Nature of Spectrum ............. " 89
4. Spectrum of Turbulence in a Thermally Stratified Atmosphere 97
1. Spectrum of Turbulence in a Stably Stratified Atmosphere 97
2. Relation between Shape of Spectral Curve and Thermal
Stratification of Atmosphere ......................... 105
3. Energy Transfer in Spectrum and Generalized Spectrum of
Turbulence in Free Atmosphere ....................... 109
4. Some Features of Experimental Spectra of Clear-Air Turbulence .. 116
5. Spectra of Temperature Fluctuations in Thermally Stratified
Atmosphere .................................... 118
5. Clear-Air Turbulence in Lower and Middle Troposphere. . . . . . . . .. 121
1. Some Experimental Data on Turbulence Intensity ........... 121
2. Structure of Turbulent Layer of Atmosphere. Intermittency of
Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
3. Experimental Values of Turbulent Viscosity Coefficient ....... 129
4. Spectral Characteristics of Turbulence ................... 132
6. Atmospheric Convection and Thermal Turbulence ............. 145
1. Disordered Atmospheric Convection .................... 146
2. Cellular Convection ............................... 159
7. Waves and Atmospheric Turbulence ..................... " 165
1. Gravity-Shear Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
2. Criteria of Stability of Internal Gravity-Shear Waves and Relation
between Turbulence and Disintegrating Waves . . . . . . . . . . . .... 172
3. Mountain Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176
4. Rotor Motions and Turbulence in Mountain-Wave Region ...... 186
8. Turbulence and Vertical Flows in Clouds ................... 195
1. Turbulence in Stratiform Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
2. Vertical Motions in Convective Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 200
3. Turbulence in Cumulus and Cumulonimbus Clouds. . . . . . . . . .. 214
CONTENTS xiii
9. Turbulence Affecting Flight of Aircraft .................... 225
1. Methods of Assessing Intensity of Turbulence Affecting Flight of
Aircraft ....................................... 225
2. Characteristics of Turbulence in Troposphere and Lower
Stratosphere ................................ . . .. 237
3. Turbulence in Jet Streams and in Region of Tropopause ....... 250
4. Relation between Turbulence Causing Aircraft Buffeting and
Thermal and Dynamic Conditions in Atmosphere .......... " 259
5. Prediction of Clear-Air Turbulence ..................... 271
10. Mesostructure of Wind Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279
1. Mesoinhomogeneities of Wind Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279
2. Energy Spectra of Mesoscale Turbulence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280
3. Vertical Distributions of Wind Gusts and Their Spectra . . . . . . .. 287
4. Mesometeorological Energy Minimum in Turbulence Spectrum. .. 290
5. Energy of Turbulent Motions of Different Scales in Relation to
Altitude ..................................... " 292
6. Energy Balance in Clear-Air Turbulent Zones. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 301

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