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《VortexWakes of Aircrafts》
飞机涡尾迹
作者:
A.S. Ginevsky
A.I. Zhelannikov
Central Aerohydrodynamics
Institute (TsAGI)
出版社:Springer
出版时间:2009年
《VortexWakes of Aircrafts》
《VortexWakes of Aircrafts》
《VortexWakes of Aircrafts》
《VortexWakes of Aircrafts》
目录
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. Atmospheric turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Aircraft vortex wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Turbulence characteristics of the vortex wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4. Present-day methods for numerical simulation of vortex wakes behind
trunk-route aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 2. Discrete vortex method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1. Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2. Fundamentals of the discrete vortex method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3. Point vortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4. Vortex segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5. Closed vortex frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6. Numerical modeling of free turbulence in separated and jet flows in
the framework of the discrete vortex method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 3. The near vortex wake behind a single aircraft . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1. Aircraft geometry representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2. Vorticity panel representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3. Peculiarities of flow simulation around trunk-route aircraft . . . . . . . 34
3.4. The characteristics of the near vortex wake behind some aircraft . . . 35
Chapter 4. Far vortex wake behind a turbojet aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1. The algorithm for computation of the far vortex wake behind aircraft 39
4.2.Mathematical model of the far vortex wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3. Check for the existence and uniqueness of the solution . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4. Similarity considerations for flow in the far vortex wake . . . . . . . . . 47
4.5. A universal procedure for transition to the mathematical model of the
far vortex wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.6. Consideration of the state of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.7. Verification of the method and predicted results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.8. The characteristics of the vortex wake behind the Il-76 aircraft. . . . . 57
4.9. The characteristics of the vortex wake behind the An-124, B-747 and
A-380 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 5. Vortex wakes behind propeller-driven aircraft . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1. Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2. The effect of propellers on the far vortex wake characteristics . . . . . 72
5.3. On a rational number of vortices for modeling a propeller . . . . . . . . 76
5.4. Examples of computed far vortex wake characteristics of propeller-
driven aircraft in comparison with experimental data . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.5. The characteristics of the vortex wake behind the An-26 aircraft. . . . 79
5.6. The characteristics of the vortex wake behind the An-12 aircraft. . . . 84
5.7. The characteristics of the vortex wake behind the C-130 aircraft . . . . 90
Chapter 6. Wind flow over rough terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1. Basic conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2. Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3. A solution technique. Terrain representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4. Examples of air flow computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 7. Simulation of the far vortex wake of an aircraft at takeoff
and landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.1. Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.2. Simulation of an aircraft’s near vortex wake. Linear theory . . . . . . . 108
7.3. An approximate computation of an aircraft’s far vortex wake . . . . . . 115
7.4. Generation of crossflow by vortex tubes. Turbulent boundary layer
computation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.5. Computation of the far vortex wake behind the B-727 aircraft with
account for the effect of the boundary layer on an aerodrome’s surface.
Comparison between computational results and flight test data . . . . . 118
7.6. Computation of the far vortex wake of Russian–built Tu-204 and Il-96
trunk-route aircraft at landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.7. On the visualization of an aircraft’s far vortex wake near the ground 125
7.8. Conclusions and prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.
Chapter 8. Aerodynamic loads on aircraft encountering vortex wakes
of other aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.1. Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.2. A solution technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.3. Verification of the method and predicted results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.4. The aerodynamic loads on aircraft in the far vortex wakes of preceding
aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
8.5. Prediction of the effect of wind flow over rough terrain on the
aerodynamic loads experienced by an aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.6. Numerical prediction of an aircraft’s dynamics in a vortex wake . . . . 144
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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