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《Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design》
燃料电池电力系统的控制：原理、建模、分析和反馈设计
作者：Jay T. Pukrushpan, Anna G. Stefanopoulou and Huei Peng
出版社：Springer
出版时间：2004年
《Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design》
《Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design》
《Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design》
《Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design》
目录
1 Background and Introduction.............................. 1
1.1 Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Fuel Cell Propulsion System for Automobiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 System Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Reactant Flow Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Heat and Temperature Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Water Management Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4 Power Management Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.5 Fuel Processor Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Fuel Cell System Model: Auxiliary Components ........... 15
2.1 Compressor Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Lumped Model of the Manifold Dynamics .................. 21
2.2.1 Supply Manifold .................................. 23
2.2.2 Return Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Review of the Thermodynamics of Gas Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Air Cooler (Static) Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 Humidifier (Static) Model ................................ 28
3 Fuel Cell System Model: Fuel Cell Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Stack Voltage Model ..................................... 32
3.1.1 Fuel Cell Open Circuit Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2 Activation Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.3 Ohmic Loss ....................................... 37
3.1.4 Concentration Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.5 Cell Terminal Voltage .............................. 38
3.1.6 Fuel Cell Dynamic Electrical Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 Cathode Flow Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 Anode Flow Model ...................................... 50
3.4 Membrane Hydration Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
XV
xvi Contents
4 Fuel Cell System Model: Analysis and Simulation. . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1 Humidifier and Hydrogen Flow Controls .................... 58
4.1.1 Humidifier Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.2 Hydrogen Valve Control ............................ 59
4.2 Steady-state Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 Dynamic Simulation ..................................... 61
5 Air Flow Control for Fuel Cell Cathode Oxygen Reactant . 65
5.1 Control Problem Formulation ............................. 68
5.2 Control Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.3 Linearization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.4 Dynamic Feedforward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5 Feedback Control Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.5.1 State Feedback with Integral Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.5.2 Observer Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.6 Closed Loop Fuel Cell Impedance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5. 7 Tradeoff Between Two Performance Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Natural Gas Fuel Processor System Model ................ 91
6.1 Fuel Processing System (FPS) ............................ 92
6.2 Control-oriented FPS Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2.1 Modeling Assumptions ............................. 93
6.2.2 Model States and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2.3 Orifice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2.4 Blower (BLO) .................................... 95
6.2.5 Heat Exchanger Volume (HEX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2.6 Hydro-desulfurizer Volume (HDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2. 7 Mixer (MIX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2.8 Catalytic Partial Oxidation (CPOX) ................. 98
6.2.9 Water Gas Shift Converter and Preferential Oxidation
Reactor (WROX) ................................. 105
6.2.10 Anode (AN) ...................................... 105
6.3 Simulation and FPS Model Validation ..................... 106
7 Control of Natural Gas Fuel Processor ..................... 113
7.1 Control Problem Formulation ............................. 114
7.2 Analysis of FPS Linearized Models ........................ 115
7.3 Input-output Pairing ..................................... 119
7.4 Decentralized Control .................................... 120
7.5 Multivariable Control .................................... 124
7.5.1 Full-state Feedback with Integral Control ............. 125
7.5.2 State Estimator ................................... 128
7.5.3 Insight Gained by the Multivariable Design ........... 130
7.5.4 Effect of Measurements ............................ 136
Contents xvii
8 Closing Remarks .......................................... 139
8.1 Fuel Cell Stack System ................................... 140
8.2 Natural Gas Fuel Processor System ........................ 141
8.3 Future Study ........................................... 142
A Miscellaneous Equations, Tables, and Figures .............. 145
A.1 FCS Air Flow Control Design ............................. 145
A.2 FPS Control Design ..................................... 147
References ..................................................... 151
Index ......................................................... . 159
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