《Aerodynamics for Engineers》第六版

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《Aerodynamics for Engineers》第六版
工程师空气动力学
作者：
JOHN J. BERTIN
Late Professor Emeritus, United States Air Force Academy
and
RUSSELL M. CUMMINGS
Professor Emeritus, California Polytechnic State University
出版社：Pearson
出版时间：2014年

《Aerodynamics for Engineers》第六版

《Aerodynamics for Engineers》第六版

《Aerodynamics for Engineers》第六版

《Aerodynamics for Engineers》第六版

目录
PREFACE 9
CHAPTER 1 WHY STUDY AERODYNAMICS? 11
1.1 Aerodynamics and the Energy-Maneuverability
Technique 12
1.2 Solving for the Aerothermodynamic
Parameters 18
1.3 Description of an Airplane 36
1.4 Summary 37
Problems 38
References 42
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS 43
2.1 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics 44
2.2 Conservation of Mass 46
2.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 50
2.4 Applications to Constant-Property Flows 56
2.5 Reynolds Number and Mach Number as
Similarity Parameters 65
2.6 Concept of the Boundary Layer 73
2.7 Conservation of Energy 75
2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics 76
2.9 Derivation of the Energy Equation 78
2.10 Summary 86
Problems 86
References 97
CHAPTER 3 DYNAMICS OF AN INCOMPRESSIBLE,
INVISCID FLOW FIELD 98
3.1 Inviscid Flows 99
3.2 Bernoulli’s Equation 100
3.3 Use of Bernoulli’s Equation to Determine
Airspeed 103
3.4 The Pressure Coefficient 106
3.5 Circulation 109
3.6 Irrotational Flow 112
3.7 Kelvin’s Theorem 113
3
4 Contents
3.8 Incompressible, Irrotational Flow and the
Velocity Potential 114
3.9 Stream Function in a Two-Dimensional,
Incompressible Flow 117
3.10 Relation between Streamlines and Equipotential
Lines 119
3.11 Superposition of Flows 122
3.12 Elementary Flows 123
3.13 Adding Elementary Flows to Describe Flow
Around a Cylinder 136
3.14 Lift and Drag Coefficients as Dimensionless
Flow-Field Parameters 144
3.15 Flow Around a Cylinder with Circulation 149
3.16 Source Density Distribution on the Body
Surface 154
3.17 Incompressible, Axisymmetric Flow 159
3.18 Summary 162
Problems 162
References 175
CHAPTER 4 VISCOUS BOUNDARY LAYERS 176
4.1 Equations Governing the Boundary Layer
for a Steady, Two-Dimensional, Incompressible
Flow 177
4.2 Boundary Conditions 180
4.3 Incompressible, Laminar Boundary Layer 181
4.4 Boundary-Layer Transition 199
4.5 Incompressible, Turbulent Boundary Layer 203
4.6 Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length
Concepts 212
4.7 Integral Equations for a Flat-Plate Boundary
Layer 214
4.8 Thermal Boundary Layer for Constant-Property
Flows 225
4.9 Summary 231
Problems 231
References 235
CHAPTER 5 CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS FOR AIRFOIL
AND WING AERODYNAMICS 236
5.1 Characterization of Aerodynamic Forces and
Moments 237
5.2 Airfoil Geometry Parameters 241
Contents 5
5.3 Wing-Geometry Parameters 246
5.4 Aerodynamic Force and Moment
Coefficients 254
5.5 Wings of Finite Span 283
Problems 298
References 302
CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS AROUND AIRFOILS
OF INFINITE SPAN 304
6.1 General Comments 305
6.2 Circulation and the Generation of Lift 306
6.3 General Thin-Airfoil Theory 308
6.4 Thin, Flat-Plate Airfoil (Symmetric Airfoil) 311
6.5 Thin, Cambered Airfoil 316
6.6 Laminar-Flow Airfoils 327
6.7 High-Lift Airfoil Sections 331
6.8 Multielement Airfoil Sections for Generating
High Lift 337
6.9 High-Lift Military Airfoils 344
6.10 Summary 347
Problems 347
References 349
CHAPTER 7 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW ABOUT WINGS
OF FINITE SPAN 351
7.1 General Comments 352
7.2 Vortex System 355
7.3 Lifting-Line Theory for Unswept Wings 356
7.4 Panel Methods 385
7.5 Vortex Lattice Method 389
7.6 Factors Affecting Drag Due-to-Lift at Subsonic
Speeds 411
7.7 Delta Wings 414
7.8 Leading-Edge Extensions 424
7.9 Asymmetric Loads on the Fuselage at High
Angles of Attack 428
7.10 Flow Fields for Aircraft at High Angles of Attack 432
7.11 Unmanned Air Vehicle Wings 434
7.12 Summary 436
Problems 436
References 438
6 Contents
CHAPTER 8 DYNAMICS OF A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FIELD 441
8.1 Thermodynamic Concepts 442
8.2 Adiabatic Flow in a Variable-Area
Streamtube 451
8.3 Isentropic Flow in a Variable-Area Streamtube 455
8.4 Converging-diverging Nozzles 461
8.5 Characteristic Equations and Prandtl-Meyer
Flows 464
8.6 Shock Waves 472
8.7 Viscous Boundary Layer 483
8.8 Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions 490
8.9 Shock/Shock Interactions 492
8.10 The Role of Experiments for Generating
Information Defining the Flow Field 496
8.11 Comments About the Scaling/Correction
Process(es) for Relatively Clean Cruise
Configurations 504
8.12 Summary 505
Problems 505
References 512
CHAPTER 9 COMPRESSIBLE, SUBSONIC FLOWS
AND TRANSONIC FLOWS 515
9.1 Compressible, Subsonic Flow 516
9.2 Transonic Flow Past Unswept Airfoils 527
9.3 Wave Drag Reduction by Design 536
9.4 Swept Wings at Transonic Speeds 537
9.5 Transonic Aircraft 553
9.6 Summary 558
Problems 558
References 558
CHAPTER 10 TWO-DIMENSIONAL, SUPERSONIC FLOWS
AROUND THIN AIRFOILS 561
10.1 Linear Theory 563
10.2 Second-Order Theory (Busemann’s Theory) 571
10.3 Shock-Expansion Technique 576
10.4 Summary 582
Problems 582
References 585
Contents 7
CHAPTER 11 SUPERSONIC FLOWS OVER WINGS
AND AIRPLANE CONFIGURATIONS 587
11.1 General Remarks About Lift and Drag 589
11.2 General Remarks About Supersonic
Wings 591
11.3 Governing Equation and Boundary
Conditions 593
11.4 Consequences of Linearity 594
11.5 Solution Methods 595
11.6 Conical-Flow Method 595
11.7 Singularity-Distribution Method 608
11.8 Design Considerations for Supersonic
Aircraft 635
11.9 Some Comments About the Design of the SST
and of the HSCT 637
11.10 Slender Body Theory 644
11.11 Base Drag 646
11.12 Aerodynamic Interaction 649
11.13 Aerodynamic Analysis for Complete
Configurations in a Supersonic Free
Stream 652
11.14 Summary 653
Problems 654
References 656
CHAPTER 12 HYPERSONIC FLOWS 659
12.1 The Five Distinguishing Characteristics 662
12.2 Newtonian Flow Model 667
12.3 Stagnation Region Flow-Field
Properties 670
12.4 Modified Newtonian Flow 675
12.5 High L/D Hypersonic Configurations—
Waveriders 692
12.6 Aerodynamic Heating 701
12.7 A Hypersonic Cruiser for the Twenty-First
Century? 707
12.8 Importance of Interrelating CFD, Ground-Test
Data, and Flight-Test Data 710
12.9 Boundary-Layer-Transition Methodology 712
12.10 Summary 716
Problems 716
References 718
8 Contents
CHAPTER 13 AERODYNAMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 721
13.1 High-Lift Configurations 722
13.2 Circulation Control Wing 735
13.3 Design Considerations for Tactical Military
Aircraft 737
13.4 Drag Reduction 741
13.5 Development of an Airframe Modification to
Improve the Mission Effectiveness of an Existing
Airplane 752
13.6 Considerations for Wing/Canard, Wing/Tail, and
Tailless Configurations 768
13.7 Comments on the F-15 Design 773
13.8 The Design of the F-22 774
13.9 The Design of the F-35 777
13.10 Summary 780
Problems 780
References 782
CHAPTER 14 TOOLS FOR DEFINING THE AERODYNAMIC
ENVIRONMENT 785
14.1 Computational Tools 787
14.2 Establishing the Credibility of CFD
Simulations 793
14.3 Ground-Based Test Programs 795
14.4 Flight-Test Programs 798
14.5 Integration of Experimental and Computational
Tools: The Aerodynamic Design Philosophy 799
14.6 Summary 800
References 800
APPENDIX A THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION WRITTEN
IN CONSERVATION FORM 802
APPENDIX B A COLLECTION OF OFTEN USED TABLES 808
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 816
INDEX 821
CREDITS 829

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