《Advanced Space Propulsion Systems》
《Advanced Space Propulsion Systems》先进空间推进系统
作者：Martin Tajmar
出版社：Springer
出版时间：2003年
目录
Introduction .................................................... .
1 Propulsion Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 History......................................................... 3
1.2 Propulsion Fundamentals .......................................... 7
1.2.1 Tsiolkovski Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Delta-V Budget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
l.2.3 Single-staging - Multi-staging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
1.3 Trajectory and Orbits ............................................. 14
1.3.1 Keplerian Orbital Elements in Elliptical Orbits ................... 15
1.3.2 Orbit Types ............................................... 17
1.3.3 Orbit Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 Classification of Propulsion Systems ................................. 20
2 Chemical Propulsion Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Thennodynamic Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
2.2 Chemical Propulsion Overview ..................................... 24
2.2.1 Liquid Propulsion Systems ................................... 24
2.2.2 Solid Propulsion Systems .................................... 26
2.2.3 Hybrid Propulsion Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
2.3 Nozzle Design - Atmospheric Flight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
2.3.1 Cone-bell Shaped Nozzle .................................... 28
2.3.2 Advanced Nozzles with Aerodynamic Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
2.4 Advanced Propellants .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
2.4.1 Tripropellants ............................................. 31
2.4.2 High Energy Density Matter (HEDM) .......................... 32
2.5 Alternative Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
2.5.1 Pulse Detonation Rockets .................................... 33
2.5.2 Rocket-based Combined Cycle (RBCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
2.5.3 Rotary Rockets ............................................ 34
2.6 Reusable Launch Vehicles ......................................... 35
2.6.1 United States Future Launchers ............................... 36
2.6.2 European Future Launchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
2.6.3 Japanese Future Launchers ................................... 42
3 Launch Assist Technologies ........................................... 43
3.1 Reduction of Required dv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
3.1.1 Aircraft Assisted Launch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
3.1.2 Catapults................................................. 44
3.1.3 Ultra-high Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
VI Contents
3.2 Advanced Drag Reduction ......................................... 51
3.2.1 Surface-charged Vehicles .................................... 52
3.2.2 Energy Spike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
3.3 Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Propulsion ............................ 53
3.4 MHD Energy Bypass Application ................................... 55
4 Nuclear Propulsion Systems .................•......................... 57
4.1 Overview....................................................... 57
4.2 Fission Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
4.2.1 Historical Overview-NERVAIPLUTO Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
4.2.2 Solid Core ................................................ 61
4.2.3 Liquid Core.. .............................................. 62
4.2.4 Gas Core ................................................. 63
4.2.5 Fission-fragment Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
4.2.6 Improvements ............................................. 64
4.2.7 Induction Heating .......................................... 65
4.3 Radioisotope Nuclear Rocket ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
4.4 Fusion Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
4.4.1 Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) ............................. 67
4.4.2 Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) .......................... 67
4.4.3 Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion (1EC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
4.5 Antimatter Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
4.5.1 Anti-proton Catalyzed FissionlFusion Propulsion ................. 71
4.5.2 Direct Antimatter Propulsion System ........................... 72
5 Electric Propulsion Systems ........................................... 73
5.1 Electrothermal................................................... 75
5.1.1 Resistojet................................................. 77
5.1.2 Arcjet.................................................... 78
5.1.3 SolarILaserlMicrowave Thermal Propulsion ..................... 78
5.2 Electrostatic..................................................... 80
5.2.1 Ion Thruster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
5.2.2 Hall Thruster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
5.2.3 Field Emission Thruster ..................................... 87
5.2.4 Colloid Thruster ........................................... 91
5.2.5 Laser Accelerated Plasma Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92
5.3 Electromagnetic ................................................. 93
5.3.1 Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) Thruster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
5.3.2 Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
5.3.3 Variable lsp Plasma Rocket (VASIMR) ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95
5.4 Induced Spacecraft Interactions ..................................... 96
6 Micropropulsion .................................................... 99
6.1 Chemical Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
6.1.1 Solid Microthrusters ........................................ 99
6.1.2 Micro Mono-propellant Thruster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
6.1.3 Micro Bi-propellant Thruster ................................. 101
6.1.4 Cold Gas Thruster .......................................... 101
contents VII
6.2 Electric Propulsion ............................................... 102
6.2.1 Micro Ion Thruster ......................................... 102
6.2.2 Low Power Hall Thruster .................................... 102
6.2.3 Micro PPT Thruster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104
6.2.4 MEMS FEEP/Colloid Thruster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104
6.2.5 Microchip Laser Thruster .................................... 105
7 Propellantless Propulsion . ............................................ 107
7.1 Tethers......................................................... 107
7.1.1 Momentum Exchange Tether ................................. 107
7.1.2 Electrodynamic Tether ...................................... 107
7.2 Propellantless ElectriclNuclear Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
7.3 Photon Rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
7.4 Beamed Energy Earth-to-orbit Propulsion ............................. 110
7.5 Solar Sails ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III
7.6 Magnetic Sails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 112
8 Breakthrough Propulsion ............................................. 115
8.1 Current Fundamental Limitations in Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115
8.2 Quantum Physics, Relativity Theory, Electromagnetism
and Space PropUlsion ............................................. 116
8.2.1 Quantum Theory and the Casimir Effect ........................ 116
8.2.2 Coupling of Gravitation and Electromagnetism ................... 118
8.3 Experiments Leading to Possible Breakthroughs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120
8.3.1 Superconductor Gravitational Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120
8.3.2 Coupling of Charge, Mass and Acceleration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 121
8.4 When Will We Revolutionize Space Travel? ........................... 122
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
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