《Magnetic Actuators and Sensors》第二版
《Magnetic Actuators and Sensors》第二版磁传感器和致动器
作者：John R. Brauer
出版社：IEEE
出版时间：2014年
目录
PREFACE xi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii
LIST OF 66 EXAMPLES xv
PART I MAGNETICS 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Overview of Magnetic Actuators 3
1.2 Overview of Magnetic Sensors 4
1.3 Actuators and Sensors in Motion Control Systems 5
1.4 Magnetic Actuators and Sensors in Mechatronics 7
References 8
2 Basic Electromagnetics 9
2.1 Vectors 9
2.1.1 Gradient 9
2.1.2 Divergence 11
2.1.3 Curl 11
2.2 Ampere’s Law 14
2.3 Magnetic Materials 17
2.4 Faraday’s Law 22
2.5 Potentials 25
2.6 Maxwell’s Equations 28
Problems 29
References 31
3 Reluctance Method 33
3.1 Simplifying Ampere’s Law 33
3.2 Applications 37
3.3 Fringing Flux 40
3.4 Complex Reluctance 41
3.5 Limitations 41
v
vi CONTENTS
Problems 42
References 42
4 Finite-Element Method 43
4.1 Energy Conservation and Functional Minimization 43
4.2 Triangular Elements for Magnetostatics 45
4.3 Matrix Equation 46
4.4 Finite-Element Models 49
Problems 53
References 53
5 Magnetic Force 55
5.1 Magnetic Flux Line Plots 55
5.2 Magnetic Energy 60
5.3 Magnetic Force on Steel 61
5.4 Magnetic Pressure on Steel 65
5.5 Lorentz Force 66
5.6 Permanent Magnets 67
5.7 Magnetic Torque 72
5.8 Magnetic Volume Forces on Permeable Particles 73
Problems 75
References 76
6 Other Magnetic Performance Parameters 79
6.1 Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage 79
6.1.1 Definition and Evaluation 79
6.1.2 Relation to Force and Other Parameters 80
6.2 Inductance 82
6.2.1 Definition and Evaluation 82
6.2.2 Relation to Force and Other Parameters 85
6.3 Capacitance 86
6.3.1 Definition 86
6.3.2 Relation to Energy and Force 86
6.4 Impedance 88
Problems 91
References 91
PART II ACTUATORS 93
7 Magnetic Actuators Operated by DC 95
7.1 Solenoid Actuators 95
7.1.1 Clapper Armature 95
7.1.2 Plunger Armature 102
CONTENTS vii
7.2 Voice Coil Actuators 106
7.3 Other Actuators Using Coils and Permanent Magnets 108
7.4 Proportional Actuators 109
7.5 Rotary Actuators 112
7.6 Magnetic Bearings and Couplings 114
7.7 Magnetic Separators 117
Problems 125
References 127
8 Magnetic Actuators Operated by AC 129
8.1 Skin Depth 129
8.2 Power Losses in Steel 130
8.2.1 Laminated Steel 130
8.2.2 Equivalent Circuit 131
8.2.3 Solid Steel 134
8.3 Force Pulsations 135
8.3.1 Force with Single AC Coil 135
8.3.2 Force with Added Shading Coil 137
8.4 Cuts in Steel 139
8.4.1 Special Finite-Element Formulation 139
8.4.2 Loss and Reluctance Computations 140
Problems 145
References 145
9 Magnetic Actuator Transient Operation 147
9.1 Basic Timeline 147
9.2 Size, Force, and Acceleration 148
9.3 Linear Magnetic Diffusion Times 150
9.3.1 Steel Slab Turnon and Turnoff 150
9.3.2 Steel Cylinder 155
9.4 Nonlinear Magnetic Infusion Times 156
9.4.1 Simple Equation for Steel Slab with “Step” B–H 156
9.4.2 Transient Finite-Element Computations for Steel Slabs 157
9.4.3 Simple Equation for Steel Cylinder with “Step” B–H 161
9.4.4 Transient Finite-Element Computations for
Steel Cylinders 161
9.5 Nonlinear Magnetic Effusion Time 164
9.5.1 Planar Effusion in Nonlinear Steel Slab 164
9.5.2 Axisymmetric Effusion in Nonlinear Steel Cylinder 167
9.6 Pulse Response of Nonlinear Steel 169
Problems 171
References 174
viii CONTENTS
PART III SENSORS 175
10 Hall Effect and Magnetoresistive Sensors 177
10.1 Simple Hall Voltage Equation 177
10.2 Hall Effect Conductivity Tensor 179
10.3 Finite-Element Computation of Hall Fields 182
10.3.1 Unsymmetric Matrix Equation 182
10.3.2 2D Results 183
10.3.3 3D Results 187
10.4 Hall Sensors for Position or Current 190
10.4.1 Toothed Wheel Position Sensor 190
10.4.2 Position Sensors using Multipole Magnets 192
10.4.3 Hall Effect Current Sensors 192
10.5 Magnetoresistance 193
10.5.1 Classical Magnetoresistance 193
10.5.2 Giant Magnetoresistance 193
10.5.3 Newer Forms of Magnetoresistance 194
10.6 Magnetoresistive Heads for Hard Disk Drives 194
10.7 Giant Magnetoresistive Spin Valve Sensors 195
Problems 198
References 198
11 Other Magnetic Sensors 201
11.1 Speed Sensors Based on Faraday’s Law 201
11.2 Inductive Recording Heads 203
11.3 Proximity Sensors Using Impedance 206
11.3.1 Stationary Eddy Current Sensors 206
11.3.2 Moving Eddy Current Sensors 209
11.4 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 210
11.5 Magnetostrictive Sensors 213
11.6 Fluxgate Sensors 215
11.7 Chattock Coil Field and Current Sensor 219
11.8 Squid Magnetometers 222
11.9 Magnetoimpedance and Miniature Sensors 223
11.10 MEMS Sensors 224
Problems 225
References 226
PART IV SYSTEMS 229
12 Coil Design and Temperature Calculations 231
12.1 Wire Size Determination for DC Currents 231
CONTENTS ix
12.2 Coil Time Constant and Impedance 234
12.3 Skin Effects and Proximity Effects for AC Currents 235
12.4 Finite-Element Computation Of Temperatures 239
12.4.1 Thermal Conduction 239
12.4.2 Thermal Convection and Thermal Radiation 241
12.4.3 AC Magnetic Device Cooled by Conduction,
Convection, and Radiation 242
Problems 246
References 246
13 Electromagnetic Compatibility 249
13.1 Signal-To-Noise Ratio 249
13.2 Shields and Apertures 250
13.3 Test Chambers 255
13.3.1 TEM Transmission Lines 255
13.3.2 TEM Cells 257
13.3.3 Triplate Cells 257
Problems 260
References 260
14 Electromechanical Finite Elements 263
14.1 Electromagnetic Finite-Element Matrix Equation 263
14.2 0D and 1D Finite Elements for Coupling Electric Circuits 266
14.3 Structural Finite-Element Matrix Equation 272
14.4 Force and Motion Computation by Time Stepping 273
14.5 Typical Electromechanical Applications 275
14.5.1 DC Solenoid with Slowly Rising Current Input 275
14.5.2 DC Solenoid with Step Voltage Input 276
14.5.3 AC Clapper Solenoid Motion and Stress 279
14.5.4 Transformers with Switches or Sensors 282
14.5.5 Reciprocating Magnetic Actuators 284
Problems 286
References 286
15 Electromechanical Analysis Using Systems Models 289
15.1 Electric Circuit Models of Magnetic Devices 289
15.1.1 Electric Circuit Software Including SPICE 289
15.1.2 Simple LR Circuits 290
15.1.3 Tables of Nonlinear Flux Linkage and Force 292
15.1.4 Analogies for Rigid Armature Motion 293
15.1.5 Maxwell SPICE Model of Bessho Actuator 293
15.1.6 Simplorer Model of Bessho Actuator 295
x CONTENTS
15.2 VHDL–AMS/Simplorer Models 296
15.2.1 VHDL–AMS Standard IEEE Language 296
15.2.2 Model of Solenoid Actuator 297
15.3 MATLAB/Simulink Models 301
15.3.1 Software 301
15.3.2 MATLAB Model of Voice Coil Actuator 302
15.4 Including Eddy Current Diffusion Using a Resistor 307
15.4.1 Resistor for Planar Devices 308
15.4.2 Resistor for Axisymmetric Devices 310
15.5 Magnetic Actuator Systems for 2D Planar Motion 312
15.6 Optimizing Magnetic Actuator Systems 313
15.6.1 3D Analysis of Fuel Injector System 314
15.6.2 Analysis of 3D Solenoid for Valve Actuation 318
Problems 324
References 325
16 Coupled Electrohydraulic Analysis Using Systems Models 327
16.1 Comparing Hydraulics and Magnetics 327
16.2 Hydraulic Basics and Electrical Analogies 328
16.3 Modeling Hydraulic Circuits in Spice 330
16.4 Electrohydraulic Models in Spice and Simplorer 334
16.5 Hydraulic Valves and Cylinders in Systems Models 341
16.5.1 Valves and Cylinders 341
16.5.2 Use in SPICE Systems Models 343
16.6 Magnetic Diffusion Resistor in Electrohydraulic Models 348
16.7 Optimization of an Electrohydraulic System 352
16.8 Magnetic Actuators for Digital Hydraulics 353
Problems 357
References 357
APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS, DIMENSIONS, AND UNITS 359
APPENDIX B: NONLINEAR B–H CURVES 361
APPENDIX C: FINAL ANSWERS FOR
ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 367
INDEX 371
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