《Hydrogen and fuel cells：a comprehensive guide》
《Hydrogen and fuel cells：a comprehensive guide》氢燃料电池：全面指南
作者：Rebecca L. Busby
出版社：PennWell
出版时间：2005年
目录
List of Figures................................................................................ xiv
List of Tables ................................................................................. xvi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................... xvii
What’s all the Excitement About?.............................1
1. Concept and Vision ..........................................................3
Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier ................................................3
Production From Any Source........................................................4
Hydrogen Complements Electricity ..............................................5
Taking the C Out of HCs .................................................................6
Storing Electricity From Renewable Sources...............................8
Handling and Producing Hydrogen..............................................9
Power On Demand From Hydrogen Fuel Cells..........................10
Fuel cell markets ................................................................................12
Fuel cell types ..................................................................................13
Micropower Makes Sense ...........................................................14
Microgenerators ...............................................................................15
Receptive utilities at last? ....................................................................16
Fuel Cell Cars Unveiled.................................................................17
Profi ting From Your Engine ..........................................................19
vi Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Guide
A Vision of an Energy Internet.....................................................20
References.....................................................................................22
2. Drivers and Barriers.........................................................23
Our planet’s health.......................................................................26
Potential effects of climate change .........................................................27
Evidence of global warming.................................................................28
Methane emissions ............................................................................30
Government actions ..........................................................................31
Air pollution in the developing world ...................................................34
Effi ciency as a route to pollution control.................................................36
Profi ting from air pollution control? .......................................................39
The Global Oil Picture..................................................................40
Oil consumption trends......................................................................41
How soon will we run out of oil? .......................................................43
Dependence on imports from the Middle East ........................................46
Energy security and geopolitics.............................................................50
An opportunity for hydrogen..............................................................52
Big Business Buys In—Automaker/Oil Producer Alliances........52
Changes in the Electric Power Industry .....................................54
Restructuring and competition ..............................................................55
Demand for higher quality power .........................................................56
Meeting peak demand.......................................................................58
Micropower’s advantages to electric utilities............................................59
Government Support For Hydrogen..........................................61
European Union ...............................................................................62
vii
Japan ............................................................................................64
United States...................................................................................66
U.S. state programs ...........................................................................69
Canada ..........................................................................................71
Australia .........................................................................................71
China.............................................................................................72
Iceland ...........................................................................................72
Norway .........................................................................................73
Barriers and Challenges................................................................74
Distribution costs ..............................................................................74
Fuel cell technology and onboard hydrogen storage..................................75
Hydrogen production costs ................................................................76
Capturing carbon .............................................................................77
Regulatory and institutional barriers ........................................................78
Risk of electric price increases ...............................................................81
Safety ............................................................................................82
Outlook For a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy...................82
References.....................................................................................85
How would Hydrogen be Used?..............................89
3. Fundamentals and Background.................................91
Our Supply of Hydrogen .............................................................91
Hydrogen’s Properties..................................................................92
The Cleanest Fuel..........................................................................94
Contents
viii Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Guide
Producing Hydrogen ....................................................................95
Electrolysis.......................................................................................95
Reforming........................................................................................97
Other processes ...............................................................................97
Fuel Cell Technology.....................................................................98
Types of fuel cells .............................................................................98
Fuel cell applications........................................................................103
How Hydrogen Is Used Today...................................................104
Hydrogen’s Early History ............................................................105
Exploiting Hydrogen’s Properties..............................................106
Fuel Cells Enter the Picture........................................................108
Hydrogen’s Renaissance(s)........................................................110
References...................................................................................115
4. Applications and Markets ..........................................117
A Rapidly Growing Market.........................................................118
Oil Companies Enter the Hydrogen Market ............................120
BP involved in automotive hydrogen ...................................................120
Shell’s hydrogen program ..................................................................121
ChevronTexaco teams with Hyundai, UTC..........................................122
Automotive Fuel Cell Market.....................................................122
Fuel Cell Vehicle Demonstrations..............................................124
Ford Focus fl eet ..............................................................................126
Honda FCX cars............................................................................127
DaimlerChrysler cars, trucks, and buses..................................................128
ix
Ballard’s automotive fuel cell research ...................................................131
Toyota SUV, Prius..........................................................................131
Other fuel cell vehicles.....................................................................133
BMW sticks with engines.................................................................135
Europe’s CUTE Bus Program .......................................................136
Japan’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell Program ........................................137
Iceland’s Ectos Project ...............................................................138
California Fuel Cell Vehicle Programs ........................................139
The California Hydrogen Highway.....................................................139
California Fuel Cell Partnership...........................................................140
SunLine bus demonstration ...............................................................141
U.S. FreedomCAR Program ........................................................141
Hydrogen Fueling At Home.......................................................145
Honda/Plug Power.........................................................................145
Shell/Stuart Energy..........................................................................146
First hydrogen/electricity station ..........................................................147
Utilities Involved in Hydrogen Micropower, Vehicles .............147
Hydrogen Technology Park ...............................................................148
Tech Town microgrid .......................................................................148
Canada’s hydrogen village.................................................................149
Hawaii’s plans................................................................................149
Fuel Cell Micropower Technologies .........................................149
United Technologies phosphoric acid power plants................................150
Siemens/Westinghouse solid oxide fuel cells ..........................................151
FuelCell Energy stationary products.....................................................152
Contents
x Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Guide
Automotive fuel cells in an industrial application.....................................153
Other micropower developments.......................................................154
PEM Fuel Cells in Micropower Applications ............................155
Residential and commercial micropower................................................155
Uninterruptible power supply applications ...........................................156
Plug Power’s stationary applications.....................................................157
Japanese developers planning small fuel cell systems................................157
Microturbines in Stationary Applications ................................158
Integrating fuel cells with microturbines .................................................159
Microturbines in energy systems with fuel cells .......................................160
Fuel Cell Boats, Trains, and Planes ............................................160
Locomotive being developed............................................................161
The sky’s the limit? ..........................................................................161
Portable Applications For Fuel Cells.........................................162
Competing with batteries .................................................................163
Early market entries ..........................................................................164
Personal power ..............................................................................164
Solid oxide portable fuel cells............................................................165
Fuel cell shopping online...................................................................166
Consumer Demand.....................................................................166
References...................................................................................168
How would a Hydrogen Economy work?.........171
5. Production and Supply ...............................................173
xi
Overview of Production Methods............................................174
Units of measurement.......................................................................175
Challenges and outlook....................................................................176
Reforming Natural Gas and Liquids ..........................................177
Barriers and research needs ................................................................180
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................181
Carbon emissions............................................................................181
Vehicle emissions ............................................................................182
Carbon Capture and Storage ....................................................183
Sequestration technologies ................................................................183
Government/industry programs ..........................................................187
Environmental concerns.....................................................................187
Producing Hydrogen From Coal................................................188
Coal gasifi cation potential.................................................................188
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................190
Biomass and Waste Feedstocks ................................................191
Carbon emissions............................................................................192
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................192
Electrolysis of Water ...................................................................193
Available systems............................................................................194
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................196
Integrating electrolysis with renewables.................................................197
Nuclear Power ............................................................................198
Industry status ................................................................................198
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................199
Technologies being developed...........................................................200
Contents
xii Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Guide
Hydrogen From Solar Power .....................................................201
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................202
Solar water-splitting .........................................................................203
Photolytic processes ........................................................................203
Photobiological processes .................................................................204
Wind-Powered Hydrogen Production .....................................206
Norway’s wind-to-hydrogen project ...................................................206
Outlook .......................................................................................208
Hydrogen production economics .......................................................208
Other Renewables......................................................................209
Long-Term Hydrogen Supplies ..................................................211
References...................................................................................213
6. Storage and Safety .......................................................215
Hydrogen Storage Today ...........................................................216
Compressed gas tanks......................................................................216
Liquefi ed gas tanks..........................................................................217
Advanced Storage Technologies ..............................................218
Metal hydrides ..............................................................................219
Chemical hydrides...........................................................................221
Carbon materials.............................................................................223
Barriers and Challenges..............................................................224
Government/Industry Funding ..................................................225
Hydrogen Safety .........................................................................228
Comparison with other fuels .............................................................228
Leak detection ...............................................................................230
Safety practices, codes, and standards .................................................231
xiii
Barriers and challenges ......................................................................233
The Hindenburg myth and other misperceptions ....................................234
References...................................................................................235
7. Transportation and Distribution .............................. 237
Problems of Hydrogen Transport...............................................238
Road shipment ................................................................................238
Hydrogen pipelines..........................................................................240
Transportation economics...................................................................242
Outlook ........................................................................................243
Fueling Station Infrastructure .....................................................244
Infrastructure cost estimates .................................................................246
Fueling station equipment...................................................................247
Outlook ........................................................................................252
References....................................................................................253
Appendix A. Fuel cell light duty vehicles ..............................255
Appendix B. Fuel cell buses .........................................................265
Appendix C. Worldwide hydrogen fueling stations........271
Appendix D. Worldwide fuel cell installations....................281
Appendix E. Hydrogen cost calculations..............................341
Appendix F. Gaseous hydrogen safety..................................359
Appendix G. Liquid hydrogen safety......................................379
Glossary and Conversion Factors..............................................395
Bibliography...........................................................................................415
Index..........................................................................................................427
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