《FUEL CELLS:Modeling, Control, and Applications》
《FUEL CELLS:Modeling, Control, and Applications》燃料电池：建模、控制和应用
作者：Bei Gou，Woon Ki Na，Bill Diong
出版社：CRC
出版时间：2010年
目录
Preface ......................................................................................................................xi
Authors ................................................................................................................. xiii
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 The Past, Present, and Future of Fuel Cells .........................................1
1.1.1 What Are Fuel Cells? ..................................................................1
1.1.2 Types of Fuel Cells ......................................................................2
1.2 Typical Fuel Cell Power System Organization ...................................2
1.3 The Importance of Fuel Cell Dynamics ...............................................3
1.4 Organization of This Book .....................................................................4
References .........................................................................................................4
2. Fundamentals of Fuel Cells ..........................................................................5
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................5
2.2 PEMFC Components ..............................................................................6
2.2.1 Membrane ....................................................................................7
2.2.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly ................................................8
2.2.3 Bipolar Plates ...............................................................................9
2.2.4 Heating or Cooling Plates........................................................ 10
2.3 The Balance-of-Plant Components ..................................................... 10
2.3.1 Water Management .................................................................. 10
2.3.2 Thermal Management .............................................................. 10
2.3.3 Fuel Storage and Processing ................................................... 11
2.3.4 Power Conditioning ................................................................. 11
References .......................................................................................................12
3. Linear and Nonlinear Models of Fuel Cell Dynamics .......................... 13
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 13
3.2 Nomenclature ........................................................................................ 13
3.3 Nonlinear Models of PEM Fuel Cell Dynamics ............................... 15
3.3.1 Unifi ed Model of Steady-State and Dynamic
Voltage–Current Characteristics .............................................15
3.3.2 Simulation Results .................................................................... 16
3.3.3 Nonlinear Model of PEM Fuel Cells for Control
Applications .............................................................................. 16
3.4 State Space Dynamic Model of PEMFCs ...........................................20
3.5 Electrochemical Circuit Model of PEM Fuel Cells ...........................25
3.5.1 Equivalent Circuit .....................................................................25
3.5.2 Simulation Results ....................................................................26
vi Contents
3.6 Linear Model of PEM Fuel Cell Dynamics ........................................28
3.6.1 Chiu et al. Model.......................................................................29
3.6.1.1 Fuel Cell Small-Signal Model ...................................30
3.6.1.2 Correspondence of Simulation and
Test Results .................................................................36
3.6.2 Page et al. Model .......................................................................39
3.6.3 University of South Alabama’s Model ..................................39
3.6.4 Other Models .............................................................................39
3.7 Parametric Sensitivity of PEMFC Output Response .......................40
3.7.1 Fuel Cell Dynamic Response and Sensitivity Analysis ....... 41
3.7.1.1 The Sensitivity Function ........................................... 41
3.7.1.2 Sensitivity Function Plots .........................................43
3.7.2 Summary .................................................................................... 51
References ....................................................................................................... 52
4. Linear and Nonlinear Control Designs for Fuel Cells ..........................55
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................55
4.2 Linear Control Design for Fuel Cells .................................................55
4.2.1 Distributed Parameter Model of Fuel Cells ..........................55
4.2.2 Linear Control Design and Simulations for Fuel Cells .......57
4.2.2.1 Power Control Loop ..................................................57
4.2.2.2 Power and Solid Temperature Control Loop .........57
4.2.2.3 MIMO Control Strategy ............................................59
4.2.2.4 Ratio Control ..............................................................59
4.3 Nonlinear Control Design for Fuel Cells ...........................................63
4.4 Nonlinear Control Design for Interface .............................................68
4.5 Analysis of Control Design .................................................................. 70
4.6 Simulation of Nonlinear Control for PEMFC ...................................71
References .......................................................................................................82
5. Simulink Implementation of Fuel Cell Models
and Controllers..............................................................................................83
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................83
5.2 Simulink Implementation of the Fuel Cell Models ..........................83
5.3 Simulink Implementation of the Fuel Cell Controllers ...................90
5.4 Simulation Results ................................................................................ 91
References .......................................................................................................97
6. Applications of Fuel Cells in Vehicles .....................................................99
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................99
6.2 Fuel Cell Vehicle Components .......................................................... 100
6.2.1 Fuel Cell and Fuel Cell Subsystem ....................................... 100
6.2.1.1 Gas Flow Management Subsystem ....................... 100
6.2.1.2 Water Management Subsystem ............................. 100
6.2.1.3 Heat Management Subsystem ............................... 101
Contents vii
6.2.2 Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Processor ................................ 104
6.2.3 Electric Drives Subsystem ..................................................... 106
6.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell System Design for
Electric Vehicles ...................................................................................106
6.3.1 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles ............................................. 106
6.3.2 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles .......................................... 107
6.3.3 Series–Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles .............................. 108
6.3.4 Fuel Cell Vehicle ...................................................................... 110
6.3.4.1 Energy Management Systems for Fuel Cell
Vehicles ..................................................................... 111
6.3.4.2 Electric Motors and Motor Controller/
Inverter for Fuel Cell Vehicle ................................. 112
6.3.4.3 Auxiliary Systems in Fuel Cell Vehicles ............... 115
6.4 Control of Hybrid Fuel Cell System for Electric Vehicles ............. 115
6.4.1 Drivetrain Control .................................................................. 116
6.4.2 Power Control ......................................................................... 116
6.4.3 Fuel Cell Control ..................................................................... 117
6.4.4 Fuel Processor or Reformer ................................................... 118
6.5 Fault Diagnosis of Hybrid Fuel Cell System ................................... 119
6.5.1 Fuel Cell Stack ......................................................................... 120
6.5.2 Hydrogen Supply System...................................................... 120
6.5.3 Air, Humidifi er, and Water Management Systems ............ 121
6.5.4 Hydrogen Diffusion and Cooling Systems ......................... 121
6.5.5 Safety Electronics System ......................................................122
References .....................................................................................................122
7. Application of Fuel Cells in Utility Power Systems and
Stand-Alone Systems .................................................................................125
7.1 Introduction .........................................................................................125
7.2 Utility Power Systems and Residential Applications .................... 126
7.2.1 Modeling and Control of PEMFC-Distributed
Generation System ................................................................. 126
7.2.1.1 Modeling of PEMFCs ............................................. 126
7.2.1.2 Equivalent Electrical Circuit .................................. 128
7.2.1.3 Energy Balance of the Thermodynamics ............. 129
7.2.1.4 Control Design for PEMFCs .................................. 130
7.2.2 Operation Strategies ............................................................... 131
7.3 Stand-Alone Application ................................................................... 133
7.3.1 Dynamic Modeling of Fuel Cells and
Ultracapacitor Bank ................................................................ 133
7.3.1.1 Modeling of Fuel Cell ............................................. 133
7.3.1.2 Modeling of Ultracapacitor Bank ......................... 135
7.3.2 Control Design of Combined Fuel Cell and
Ultracapacitor Bank ............................................................... 135
viii Contents
7.3.3 Active and Reactive Control for Stand-Alone
PEMFC System ....................................................................... 136
References ..................................................................................................... 138
8. Control and Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems .......... 139
8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 139
8.1.1 Wind Power ............................................................................. 139
8.1.2 Hybrid Power .......................................................................... 141
8.1.3 Fuel Cell Power ....................................................................... 141
8.2 Hybrid System Consisting of Wind and Fuel Cell Sources .......... 142
8.2.1 Hybrid System Simulation Components
and Equations ......................................................................... 142
8.2.1.1 Wind Turbine Subsystem ........................................ 143
8.2.1.2 DC Generator Subsystem ....................................... 145
8.2.1.3 Wind Turbine and DC Generator Controller ....... 146
8.2.1.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Subsystem ................................................................ 147
8.2.1.5 Fuel Cell Controller ................................................. 149
8.2.1.6 Electrolyzer Subsystem ........................................... 150
8.2.1.7 Equivalent Load and System Interconnection ..... 150
8.2.2 Simulation Results .................................................................. 151
8.2.2.1 Below-Rated Wind Speed Conditions
(Wind Power > Load) ............................................. 151
8.2.2.2 Above-Rated Wind Speed Conditions
(Wind Power > Load) ............................................. 152
8.2.2.3 Below-Rated Wind Speed Conditions
(Wind Power < Load) ............................................. 153
8.2.2.4 Turbulent Wind, Below-Rated Wind Speed
Conditions (Wind Power < Load) ......................... 154
8.2.3 Conclusions ............................................................................. 157
8.3 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Isolated Islands .............. 157
8.3.1 Simulation Models .................................................................. 158
8.3.2 Control Methods ..................................................................... 158
8.3.3 Simulation Results .................................................................. 158
8.3.4 Remarks and Discussion........................................................ 160
8.4 Power Management of a Stand-Alone Wind/Photovoltaic/
Fuel Cell Energy System .................................................................... 161
8.4.1 System Confi guration ............................................................ 168
8.4.2 Power Management Strategies ............................................. 170
8.4.3 Simulation Results .................................................................. 173
8.4.4 Summary .................................................................................. 175
8.5 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Load Flow Analysis ........ 178
8.5.1 Load Flow Analysis for Power Distribution Systems ....... 179
8.5.2 Modeling of Distributed Generators in Load Flow
Analysis ................................................................................... 182
Contents ix
8.5.2.1 Several Models for Distributed Generators ......... 184
8.5.2.2 Test Results ............................................................... 186
8.5.2.3 Summary ................................................................... 188
References ..................................................................................................... 190
Appendix A: Linear Control ............................................................................ 193
Appendix B: Nonlinear Control ...................................................................... 199
Appendix C: Induction Machine Modeling and Vector Control for
Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications ............................................... 207
Appendix D: Coordinate Transformation .................................................... 219
Appendix E: Space Vector Pulsewidth Modulation ...................................223
Index .....................................................................................................................229
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