《FUEL CELLS：Problems and Solutions》
《FUEL CELLS：Problems and Solutions》燃料电池：问题与对策
作者：
VLADIMIR S. BAGOTSKY
A.N. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry
and Physical Chemistry
Russian Academy of Sciences
出版社：Wiley
出版时间：2009年
目录
PREFACE xi
SYMBOLS xiii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv
I INTRODUCTION 1
INTRODUCTION 3
1 THE WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A FUEL CELL 7
1.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 7
1.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel Cell Units 11
1.3 Types of Fuel Cells 15
1.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen–Oxygen
Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 15
1.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 20
Reference 26
2 THE LONG HISTORY OF FUEL CELLS 27
2.1 The Period Prior to 1894 27
2.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 30
v
2.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 33
2.4 The Period After the 1990s 39
References 40
II MAJOR TYPES OF FUEL CELLS 43
3 PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS 45
3.1 History of the PEMFC 46
3.2 Standard PEMFC Version from the 1990s 49
3.3 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 54
3.4 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of CO in the Hydrogen 57
3.5 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFCs 59
3.6 Future Development of PEMFCs 60
3.7 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs 67
References 70
4 DIRECT LIQUID FUEL CELLS 73
PART A: DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS 73
4.1 Methanol as a Fuel for Fuel Cells 73
4.2 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic
Parameters 74
4.3 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 74
4.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 76
4.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 77
4.6 Varieties of DMFCs 79
4.7 Special Operating Features of DMFCs 81
4.8 Practical Models of DMFCs and Their Features 83
4.9 Problems To Be Solved in Future DMFCs 85
PART B: DIRECT LIQUID FUEL CELLS 87
4.10 The Problem of Replacing Methanol 87
4.11 Fuel Cells Using Organic Liquids as Fuels 88
4.12 Fuel Cells Using Inorganic Liquids as Fuels 94
References 97
vi CONTENTS
5 PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS 101
5.1 Early Work on Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 101
5.2 Special Features of Aqueous Phosphoric Acid Solutions 102
5.3 Construction of PAFCs 103
5.4 Commercial Production of PAFCs 104
5.5 Development of Large Stationary Power Plants 105
5.6 The Future of PAFCs 105
5.7 Importance of PAFCs for Fuel Cell Development 107
References 107
6 ALKALINE FUEL CELLS 109
6.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen AFCs 110
6.2 Alkaline Hydrazine Fuel Cells 117
6.3 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion–Conducting) Membranes 121
6.4 Methanol Fuel Cells with Anion-Exchange Membranes 122
6.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 123
References 123
7 MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS 125
7.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 125
7.2 Structure of Hydrogen–Oxygen MCFCs 126
7.3 MCFCs with Internal Fuel Reforming 128
7.4 Development of MCFC Work 130
7.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 131
References 133
8 SOLID-OXIDE FUEL CELLS 135
8.1 Schematic Design of Conventional SOFCs 136
8.2 Tubular SOFCs 138
8.3 Planar SOFCs 143
8.4 Monolithic SOFCs 146
8.5 Varieties of SOFCs 147
8.6 Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 149
8.7 Interim-Temperature SOFCs 151
8.8 Low-Temperature SOFCs 155
8.9 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 157
References 158
CONTENTS vii
9 OTHER TYPES OF FUEL CELLS 161
9.1 Redox Flow Cells 161
9.2 Biological Fuel Cells 164
9.3 Semi-Fuel Cells 167
9.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells 170
References 174
10 FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS PROCESSES 177
10.1 Water Electrolysis 177
10.2 Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis 182
10.3 Electrochemical Synthesis Reactions 185
References 187
III INHERENT SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING
PROBLEMS 189
11 FUEL MANAGEMENT 191
11.1 Reforming of Natural Fuels 192
11.2 Production of Hydrogen for Autonomous Power
Plants 196
11.3 Purification of Technical Hydrogen 199
11.4 Hydrogen Transport and Storage 202
References 205
12 ELECTROCATALYSIS 207
12.1 Fundamentals of Electrocatalysis 207
12.2 Putting Platinum Catalysts on the Electrodes 211
12.3 Supports for Platinum Catalysts 214
12.4 Platinum Alloys and Composites as Catalysts
for Anodes 217
12.5 Nonplatinum Catalysts for Fuel Cell Anodes 219
12.6 Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction 221
12.7 The Stability of Electrocatalysts 227
References 228
13 MEMBRANES 231
13.1 Fuel Cell–Related Membrane Problems 232
13.2 Work to Overcome Degradation of Nafion Membranes 233
viii CONTENTS
13.3 Modification of Nafion Membranes 233
13.4 Membranes Made from Polymers Without Fluorine 235
13.5 Membranes Made from Other Materials 237
13.6 Matrix-Type Membranes 237
13.7 Membranes with Hydroxyl Ion Conduction 238
References 239
14 SMALL FUEL CELLS FOR PORTABLE DEVICES 241
14.1 Special Operating Features of Mini-Fuel Cells 242
14.2 Flat Miniature Fuel Batteries 243
14.3 Silicon-Based Mini-Fuel Cells 245
14.4 PCB-Based Mini-Fuel Cells 247
14.5 Mini-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 248
14.6 The Problem of Air-Breathing Cathodes 249
14.7 Prototypes of Power Units with Mini-Fuel Cells 250
14.8 Concluding Remarks 253
References 253
15 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FUEL CELLS 255
Felix N. Bu¨chi
15.1 Zero-Dimensional Models 257
15.2 One-Dimensional Models 257
15.3 Two-Dimensional Models 258
15.4 Three-Dimensional Models 259
15.5 Concluding Remarks 260
References 260
IV COMMERCIALIZATION OF FUEL CELLS 263
16 APPLICATIONS 265
16.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 265
16.2 Small Stationary Power Units 269
16.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 272
16.4 Portables 277
16.5 Military Applications 281
References 283
CONTENTS ix
17 FUEL CELL WORK IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES 285
17.1 Driving Forces for Fuel Cell Work 285
17.2 Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy 287
17.3 Activities in North America 289
17.4 Activities in Europe 290
17.5 Activities in Other Countries 291
17.6 The Volume of Published Fuel Cell Work 294
17.7 Legislation and Standardization in the Field of Fuel Cells 295
References 296
18 OUTLOOK 297
18.1 Periods of Alternating Hope and Disappointment 297
18.2 Some Misconceptions 299
Klaus Mu¨ ller
18.3 Ideal Fuel Cells 300
18.4 Projected Future of Fuel Cells 302
References 304
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 305
AUTHOR INDEX 309
SUBJECT INDEX 315
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